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संदेश

जून, 2008 की पोस्ट दिखाई जा रही हैं
India : Water and Sanitation Data Access to improved source of water (broad definition) 84% Access to improved sanitation (broad definition) 62% Continuity of supply (%) 0% Average urban water use (liter/capita/day) 135 [1] [2] Average urban water and sewer bill for 20 m3 US$ 0.90 (unmetered) US$ 0.60 (metered) Share of household metering 50-63% Share of collected wastewater treated 30% (2003) Annual investment in water supply and sanitation US$ 3 / capita Share of self-financing by utilities nil Share of tax-financing high Share of external financing low Institutions Decentralization to municipalities Partial National water and sanitation company No Water and sanitation regulator No Responsibility for policy setting Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation; Ministry of Rural Development Sector law No Number of urban service providers 3,255 (1991) Number of rural service providers

Water supply and sanitation in India

Water supply and sanitation in India continue to be inadequate, despite longstanding efforts by the various levels of government and communities at improving coverage. The situation is particularly inadequate for sanitation, since only one of three Indians has access to improved sanitation facilities (including improved latrines). While the share of those with access to an improved water source is much higher than for sanitation (86%), the quality of service is poor and most users that are counted as having access receive water of dubious quality and only on an intermittent basis. As of 2003, it was estimated that only 30% of India's wastewater was being treated, with the remainder flowing into rivers or groundwater . The lack of toilet facilities in many areas also presents a major health risk; open defecation is widespread even in urban areas of India, and it was estimated in 2002 by the World Health Organisation that around 700,000 Indians die each year from diarrhoea .

Women and Sanitation

* Every 15 seconds, a child somewhere in the world dies due to the lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure. * In the past 10 years alone, diarrhoea has killed more children than all the people lost to armed conflict since World War II. * At any one time, it is estimated that half the world’s hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from water borne diseases. These are some of the alarming statistics that an exhibition on sanitation organised by a group of non-profit organisations in India and facilitated by the Aga Khan Foundation sought to highlight in an effort to portray the problems that rural communities in India face due to inadequate sanitation infrastructure such as toilets and bathrooms. . The exhibition on Women and Sanitation, titled “VOICES,” focused on rural women was held between 21st and 24th March in central Delhi. Since then, the exhibition has been put up at the United Nations Habitat office in East Africa (Kenya) and subsequently the “voices” of these

Fight the widespread menace of waterborne diseases

Before independence open defecation was a common practice in many parts of India. Little has changed in the last 59 years. Communities belonging to tribal and semi-tribal area of Thane District still follow the unhygienic practice of relieving themselves in open, near the sources of water causing drinking water to be contaminated with human waste. As per details released by UNICEF, one gram of faeces can contain – 10,000,000 viruses, 1,000,000 bacteria, 1,000 parasite cysts, 100 parasite eggs. Protecting drinking water from faecal contamination by following home hygiene practices such as sanitary use of toilets and washing hands with soap or ash is the only means to fight the widespread menace of waterborne diseases.

India - Conversion of dry latrines into water seal latrines

The Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment, Smt. Meira Kumar has urged the Minister of Rural Development, Dr. Raghuvansh Prasad Singh to take urgent steps to ensure that all dry latrines in rural areas are converted into water seal latrines by March 2009, which is also the target date for rehabilitation of remaining manual scavengers. She further mentioned that eradication of the practice of manual scavenging is an area of very high priority for our Government and is intended to be achieved through Enforcement of the Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, Conversion of dry latrines into water seal latrines – with Government support under relevant schemes and Rehabilitation of manual scavengers into alternative occupations – through the Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers (SRMS). She also said that the conversion of dry latrines is, however, key to eliminating the practice of manual scavenging. Source - P

Keeping Wastewater in Sight and in Mind-A New Approach to Environmental Sanitation

, l The conventional approach in urban areas of industrialized countries is to dispose of excreta and greywater by means of large sewer systems, with the disposal of the final effluent into surface waters occuring after centralized treatment. The common user attitude towards this conventional approach is based on the wish to flush wastewater and faeces away without any further thought to its . Alternative solutions which are also able to provide sanitation for low-income settlements require the increased involvement of users in the planning, implementation and operation of environmental sanitation services. The case for change The large number of people around the world who still do not have access to adequate water, sanitation, drainage and waste disposal services provides sufficient evidence that the conventional approach to environmental sanitation is unable to make a significant dent in the existing service backlog. The approach is generally too expensive in less developed countrie

Advocating Sanitation - How, Why and When?

What is advocacy? 'Advocacy' has its origins in law and is defined by most dictionaries as the process of 'speaking on behalf of someone.' Today it has evolved to include work undertaken by development agencies, civil society groups and individuals to bring about change. Advocacy has been defined as: the process of managing information and knowledge strategically to change and/or influence policies and practices that affect the lives of people (particularly the disadvantaged) . Advocacy therefore encompasses a range of activities, all focusing on a process of change. This change may be in any one of several areas: in attitudes and political will in policy/decision-making in policy implementation and monitoring in people's awareness of policies and practices in the positioning and participation of civil society in the material position of the poor For example, advocacy work

Introduction to solid waste management

1. Basic definitions Solid waste management includes all activities that seek to minimise the health, environmental and aesthetic impacts of solid wastes. Solid waste can be defined as material that no longer has any value to the person who is responsible for it, and is not intended to be discharged through a pipe. It does not normally include human excreta. It is generated by domestic, commercial, industrial, healthcare, agricultural and mineral extraction activities and accumulates in streets and public places. The words “garbage”, “trash”, “refuse” and “rubbish” are used to refer to some forms of solid waste. 2. The scope of these comments These introductory comments are concerned only with middle- and lower-income countries. The problems and opportunities relating to solid waste management in industrialised countries are very different, and will not be referred to here. Solid wastes are generated by many different activities. Very large quantities are produced by agriculture and

Ecological Sanitation

he following introduction draws freely from the publication “Ecological Sanitation” by Esrey S et al (1998) published by Sida, Stockholm. Reference has also been made to the proceedings of the Sida Sanitation Workshop, Balingsholm, Sweden, August 1997, entitled “Ecological alternatives in sanitation”. Many cities are short of water and subject to critical environmental degradation. Their peri-urban areas are among the worst polluted and disease ridden habitats of the world. Sewage discharges from centralised waterborne collection systems pollute surface waters and seepage from sewers, septic tanks and pit toilets pollute groundwater. Conventional sanitation technologies based on flush toilets, sewers, treatment and discharge cannot solve these problems in urban areas lacking the necessary resources such as water, money and institutional capacity. The range of policy options in sanitation should be widened to include ecological alternatives. Ecological sanitation technologies take the

Global Impact Of Urbanization Threatening World's Biodiversity And Natural Resources

“As a species we have lived in wild nature for hundreds of thousands of years, and now suddenly most of us live in cities—the ultimate escape from nature,” says Peter Kareiva, chief scientist at The Nature Conservancy and co-author of the report. “If we do not learn to build, expand and design our cities with a respect for nature, we will have no nature left anywhere.” The study, “The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation,” was published in the current issue of Biological Conservation and is the first-ever global analysis of how urbanization will affect rare species, natural resources and protected areas in proximity to cities. In 2007, the United Nations revealed that at least 50 percent of the world’s population is living in cities. By 2030, that number will jump to 60 percent, with nearly 2 billion new city residents, many migrating from rural areas. According to the report, humans are building the equivalent of a

Latrines And Out-houses Trounce Toilets In Global War Against Poor Sanitation

Associate Professor David Watkins, Professor James Mihelcic and PhD student Lauren Fry of the University's Sustainable Futures Institute analyzed worldwide barriers to sanitation. Diseases such as dysentery attack millions of people every year, often fatally, largely as a result of poor sanitation. In particular, the researchers found that a scarcity of clean drinking water is not as big an issue as one might expect. In fact, installing water-guzzling appliances such as toilets can actually promote unsanitary conditions when the effluent is discharged untreated into once-clean rivers and streams. A properly built latrine, on the other hand, keeps sewage safely separate from drinking water. "Our challenge has been to look at what interventions make the most difference," Watkins said. Their findings show that small changes can be more important in preserving health than big engineering projects, a fact that Watkins, an engineer, relates with some consternation. “As engine

Sulabh International

Early Indian society had the banal practice of having scavengers or bhangis clean human excreta from the dry latrines of people's homes. For centuries, the scavengers, or night soil porters, wrongly termed "Untouchables" and shunned by society at large were forbidden to touch other members of the society as they were considered "polluted". The answer to many scavengers' prayers came with the Sulabh Sanitation Movement - inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, who was the first to bring attention to the scavengers' plight. Sulabh International's founder, Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak, joined with the Gandhian Movement for the Liberation of Scavengers and began his untiring mission of restoring human dignity to millions of untouchables. Born in 1943 and educated at Patna University, Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak Founder, Sulabh Sanitation Movement has spent a lifetime restoring dignity and sanitation to millions of Indians. "Nobody

International Year of Sanitation (2008)

The General Assembly of the United Nations through its Resolution A/C.2/61/L.16/Rev.1 declared 2008 as an International Year of Sanitation (IYS) and requested UN DESA to serve as the focal point for the year to develop, in a timely manner, relevant proposals on possible activities on all levels, including possible sources of funding. Read more Sanitation as a theme was discussed at the twelfth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development for the first time. In the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPOI) adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002, sanitation-related goals are addressed under the section on Poverty Eradication. The JPOI target to halve the number of people withoutaccess to basic sanitation by 2015 is closely related to the Millennium Development Goal of reducing, by 2015, by half the proportion o

internationa sanitation year 2008

The United Nations officially launched the International Year of Sanitation to accelerate progress for 2.6 billion people world wide who are without proper sanitation facilities. The International Year of Sanitation logo was unveiled and the IYS public service announcement as well as the message of Gareth Thomas of the Department for International Development UK viewed. The launch of IYS, which runs through 2008, was organized by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) in collaboration with the UN-Water Task Force on Sanitation. The event was attended by UN Member States, NGOs, citizen groups, academics and the private sector as well as members of the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board

Total Sanitation Campaign

India now believes that it is an aid-giving country, rather than a recipient - despite being home to the largest number of poor and undernourished people in the world - its progress on one focus of the MDGs, water and sanitation, is painfully slow. The UN's target is to halve those in the world without access to clean water (1.2 billion) and sanitation (2.4 billion) by 2015. And India's progress towards this standard is both slow and sketchy. Particularly regards water, the country's official figures are misleading, because a village is termed 'covered' by this programme if a single hand pump has been installed in village, never mind that even this is dry most of the time. What the programme is providing is not water, but the infrastructure for it! Similarly, there is a huge gap between the number of family toilets built and those which continue to function, due to the shortage of water and other factors. Experts in this sector regale each other with stories of h

My Little Girl

This is my little girl yet to be named. Some says her Brinda and some Krishna due to the same birthday of Lord Krishna JANMASHTMI